ASSIGNMENT – 3

BUSSINESS ENGLISH 2

ASSIGNMENT – 2

Name                                        : Karina Mutia Rahima
Student Identification Number : 23217138
Class                                         : 3EB07
Lecturer                                    : Mr. Taufik Hidayat

ANTECEDENTS OF PRONOUNS

Antecedent is the grammatical term used to refer to the noun that a pronoun replaces. An antecedent comes before a pronoun. A pronoun and its antecedent must agree in gender and number. For example, if the antecedent is singular and female, the pronoun must refer to a single female. If the antecedent is plural, then the pronoun must be plural as well.

It is important to make sure that your pronouns have clear antecedents. Sometimes the references are vague and the reader cannot figure out to whom a pronoun is referring.

It can be confusing if there are several words between the pronoun and its antecedent. These words or clauses have no bearing on the words and they need to be ignored.

Following are some special situations with examples of the correct way to have pronoun antecedent agreement.

·        Compound subjects can be a problem. If the subjects are joined by an "and" then the pronoun needs to be plural, as in "Bob and Paul took their books. If the subjects are joined by "or" or "nor", then have the pronoun agree with the subject that is closer, or closest, to the pronoun. An example is "Either the actor or the singers messed up their performance.

·        If the pronoun is referring to one thing or a unit, like a team or a jury, then the pronoun needs to be singular. An example is: "The jury has reached its verdict." Sometimes words sound plural and are not, like measles or the news. These would need a singular pronoun, as in: "Measles is not as widespread as it once was." This makes sense if you replace the word "measles" with "disease."

Indefinite Pronouns That Are Antecedents

There are several rules concerning the use of indefinite pronouns as antecedents and the pronoun antecedent agreement. The following indefinite pronouns are singular and need a singular pronoun: one, no one, some one, everyone, anyone, nobody, anybody, somebody, everybody, nothing, anything, something, everything, each, either, neither. An example is "Everything here has its own box."

The plural indefinite pronouns: several, both, few, and many, need to have a plural pronoun, like in this sentence: "Several are there because of their looks."

Lastly, if there is an indefinite pronoun that is being modified by a prepositional phrase, then the object of the phrase will determine the agreement between the pronoun and its antecedent. These special indefinite pronouns are: some, most, all, any, or none. Look at these two sentences: "Most of the flour fell out of its canister" and "Many of the gems have lost their shine". If the object, like "flour" is uncountable, then the pronoun has to be singular (its). If the object is countable, like "gems", then the pronoun needs to be plural (their).

Pronoun Review

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or another pronoun. Personal pronouns substitute for a certain thing or person and are classified by subjective, objective, and possessive:

·              Subjective personal pronouns are the subject of the sentence and are:

I, we, you, he, she, it, and they

·              Objective personal pronouns are the object of a preposition, verb, or infinitive phrase. These are:

me, us, you, him, her, it, and them

·              Possessive personal pronouns show ownership. They are:

mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, and theirs

Demonstrative pronouns identify and point to the noun or pronoun. They are:

this, that, these, and those

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. These are:

who, whom, what, which whoever, whomever, whatever, and whichever

Relative pronouns link clauses or phrases to the rest of the sentence. It could be :

who, whoever, whom, whomever, that, which, and whichever

Indefinite pronouns are not specific and refer to all, some, or none. There are many of these, and a few are:

one, few, any, nobody, anything, and everything

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of a clause or sentence. These are:

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves

Example of the Antecedent Sentence

Antecedent

Pronoun

·       I will pack the fragile item in a rigid fibreboard box and send it to you tomorrow.

it = personal pronoun

·       The young woman who lives next door is very kind to me.

who = relative pronoun

·       The children always clean their hands before eating lunch.

Their = possessive adjective

DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS

A dangling construction is a group of words that the writer intends to be a modifier for a noun or phrase but the noun or phrase is not actually in the sentence.  Instead, the modifier erroneously describes a noun or phrase that is in the sentence -- sometimes with humorous results.  Here are some examples.

1. After eating, the waiter gave us the bill. (The sentence grammar says the waiter did the eating but that's not what the writer really means.)
2. While running, my shoe lost its heel. (I couldn’t slow that shoe down!)
3. To avoid extinction, researchers hope to breed in captivity.
4. After taking a three-month bicycle trip through Montana, my dog was happy to see me.
5. After reading the book, the movie is going to be great.
6. Wrapped in wax paper, the picnickers couldn't see if the sandwiches were tuna or egg salad.
7. Rolling down the hill, Larry saw an avalance of rocks approaching.
8. After placing bets, the horses headed to the starting gate.

Similar to dangling modifiers are misplaced modifiers.

1. I saw penguins on a trip to the zoo. (I hope the penguins enjoyed their visit!)
2. Jake shot an elephant in his pajamas. (Jake never did explain how the elephant got into his PJ’s).
3. Mike caught the fly ball running backwards.
4. I found a lottery ticket walking home.

                                                         

https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/pronoun-antecedent.html
https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-antecedent-bahasa-inggris
https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-dangling-construction-How-can-it-be-used-in-a-sentence